Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Njira Yopangira PCB

PCB imakhala ndi zigawo izi:

• Pad: Bowo lachitsulo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zikhomo.
• Kudzera: Bowo lachitsulo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zikhomo za zigawo pakati pa zigawo.
• Bowo lokwera: lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza bolodi losindikizidwa.
• Waya: Kanema wamkuwa wa netiweki yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mapini a zigawozo.
• Zolumikizira: Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pakati pa matabwa ozungulira.
• Kudzaza: Kuphimba kwa mkuwa kwa netiweki ya waya pansi, komwe kumatha kuchepetsa kutsekeka.
• Malire amagetsi: amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kukula kwa bolodi la dera, zigawo zonse pa bolodi la dera sizingadutse malirewo.

Pali mitundu itatu ya mawonekedwe a PCB:

• PCB ya Gulu Limodzi:

• Pali mawaya azitsulo zamkuwa kumbali imodzi yokha ya bolodi lozungulira, ndipo palibe mawaya azitsulo zamkuwa kumbali inayo. Dera la zinthu zakale zamagetsi linali losavuta. Amangofunika mbali imodzi yolumikizana ndi kuwongolera, ndipo atha kuyika njira kumbali inayo popanda zojambulazo zamkuwa.

• Pawiri-Layer PCB:

• Pali mawaya azitsulo zamkuwa kumbali zonse ziwiri za bolodi lozungulira. Ndipo njira za kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo zimatha kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera pa vias. Popeza mbali zonse ziwiri zikhoza kukhala ndi mawaya, malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi owirikiza kawiri pa gulu limodzi, lomwe liri loyenera kwambiri kwa mankhwala okhala ndi maulendo ovuta. M'mapangidwewo, mbalizo zimayikidwa kumbali yakutsogolo, pamene mbali yakumbuyo ndi kuwotcherera pamwamba pa gawo la mapazi.

• Multilayer PCB:

• Nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa angapo am'mbali-mbali kupanga Multi-Layer PCB. Stacking ndi insulating wosanjikiza (Prepreg) pakati pa matabwa ndi atagona mkuwa zojambulazo mbali zonse za chakunja wosanjikiza ndiyeno kukanikiza iwo pamodzi. Popeza gwiritsani ntchito mapanelo angapo am'mbali-mbali kuti akanikizire, kuchuluka kwa zigawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala nambala yofananira. Chojambula chamkuwa chopanikizidwa mkati chikhoza kukhala chosanjikiza chowongolera, chizindikiro cha chizindikiro, mphamvu yamagetsi kapena pansi. Mwachidziwitso, bolodi la multilayer likhoza kufika pazigawo zoposa 50, koma malo ogwiritsira ntchito panopa ndi pafupifupi 30 zigawo.

PCB ndizosiyanasiyana. Zambiri zamagetsi zimakhala ndi ma board osindikizira, kuchokera pazigawo zamakompyuta (makibodi, mbewa, ma boardards, ma drive owoneka, ma hard disks, makadi ojambula) mpaka zowonera za LCD, ma TV, mafoni am'manja, foni, wotchi yamagetsi, kamera ya digito, satellite navigation, PDA. …) ali pafupifupi gawo la moyo.

Mfundo ntchito PCB:

A kwambiri zofunika mtundu wa kusindikizidwa dera bolodi ndi lathyathyathya, okhwima insulating zakuthupi ndi nyumba woonda conductive amatsatira mbali imodzi. Zopangira izi zimapanga mawonekedwe a geometric okhala ndi ma rectangles, mabwalo, ndi mabwalo. Gwiritsani ntchito makona aatali ndi owonda ngati cholumikizira (ndicho chofanana ndi mawaya), ndipo gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ngati malo olumikizirana ndi zigawo.

Kukula kwamtsogolo kwa PCB:

Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha makompyuta, zida zoyankhulirana, zamagetsi ogula ndi mafakitale agalimoto. Makampani a PCB apezanso chitukuko chofulumira. Ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala osindikizira dera, zofunika kwa zipangizo zatsopano, matekinoloje atsopano ndi zida zatsopano zikuchulukirachulukira. M'tsogolomu, makampani opanga magetsi osindikizidwa ayenera kusamala kwambiri kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito ndi khalidwe pamene akukulitsa zotsatira zake; makina osindikizira a zida zapadera sakhalanso otsika otsanzira, koma ku chitukuko cha zopangira zopangira, zolondola, zamitundu yambiri, ndi zipangizo zamakono. Ukadaulo wopangidwa ndi dera losindikizidwa udzatengera matekinoloje atsopano monga kujambula kwamadzimadzi, electroplating mwachindunji, pulse electroplating, ndi ma board a multilayer.

Njira Yopangira PCB

Pafupi ndi kwathu, tsopano tiyeni tiwone njira yopangira PCB.

Kupanga kwa PCB ndikovuta kwambiri. Kutenga bolodi losindikizidwa la zigawo zinayi monga chitsanzo. Njira yopangirayi makamaka imaphatikizapo masanjidwe a PCB, kupanga ma board, mkati mwa PCB kusamutsa masanjidwe, kukhomerera koyambira ndikuwunika, kuwongolera. Kubowola ndi dzenje khoma Mkuwa mankhwala mpweya, kunja PCB masanjidwe kusamutsa, kunja PCB etching ndi masitepe ena.

1. Makhalidwe a PCB

Gawo loyamba pakupanga kwa PCB ndikukonza ndikuwunika masanjidwe a PCB. Fakitale yopanga PCB imalandira mafayilo a CAD kuchokera kumakampani opanga ma PCB. Popeza pulogalamu iliyonse ya CAD ili ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera. Fakitale ya PCB idzasintha kukhala mtundu umodzi-Wowonjezera Gerber RS-274X kapena Gerber X2. Kenako injiniya wa fakitale adzayang'ana ngati mawonekedwe a PCB akugwirizana ndi kupanga. Ndipo ngati pali zolakwika ndi zina.

2. Kupanga core board

Sambani mkuwa atavala laminate. Ngati pali fumbi, zingayambitse dera lomaliza kukhala lalifupi kapena losweka. 8-wosanjikiza PCB kwenikweni wopangidwa ndi 3 copper clad laminates (pachimake matabwa) kuphatikiza 2 mkuwa mafilimu, ndiyeno glued pamodzi ndi prepregs. Kukonzekera kumayambira ndi bolodi lapakati (magawo 4 ndi 5 a mabwalo), mosalekeza kuunjika pamodzi, kenako kukonza. Kupanga kwa 4-wosanjikiza PCB ndikofanana, kupatula kuti ingogwiritsani ntchito bolodi limodzi lalikulu ndi mafilimu awiri amkuwa.

3. Mkati PCB masanjidwe kutengerapo

Choyamba, pangani zigawo ziwiri zapakati pa bolodi lapakati. Pambuyo poyeretsa laminate yamkuwa, filimu yojambula zithunzi idzaphimba pamwamba. Filimuyi idzalimba ikadzawonetsedwa ndi kuwala. Pangani filimu yoteteza pazitsulo zamkuwa zamkuwa za laminate. Kanema wakusanjika kwa PCB wokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri ndi laminate wansanjika ziwiri kenako amalowetsedwa mufilimu yakumtunda ya PCB kuti awonetsetse kuti pali mafilimu apamwamba komanso otsika a PCB.

Makina opanga zithunzi amawunikira filimu yojambula zithunzi pachojambula chamkuwa ndi nyali ya UV. Kanema wojambula zithunzi amachiritsidwa pansi pa filimu yotumiza kuwala, ndipo palibe filimu yochiritsidwa yochiritsidwa pansi pa filimuyi. Chojambula chamkuwa chophimbidwa pansi pa filimu yochiritsidwa yochiritsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira a PCB, omwe ali ofanana ndi ntchito ya inki yosindikizira ya laser ya PCB. Kenako ntchito lye kuyeretsa osachiritsidwa photosensitive filimu. Ndipo dera lofunika lazojambula zamkuwa lidzaphimbidwa ndi filimu yochiritsidwa yazithunzithunzi. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito alkali wamphamvu, monga NaOH, kuti muchotse zojambulazo zamkuwa zosafunikira.

4. Core board kukhomerera ndi kuyendera

Anapanga bwino bolodi lalikulu. Ndiye nkhonya mabowo mayikidwe pa pachimake bolodi kutsogoza mayikidwe ndi zipangizo zina. Mukasindikiza bolodi loyambira pamodzi ndi zigawo zina za PCB, sizingasinthidwe, chifukwa chake kuyang'ana ndikofunikira kwambiri. Makinawa amangoyerekeza ndi zojambula za PCB kuti awone zolakwika.

5. Laminating

Zopangira zatsopano zikufunika pano, zotchedwa prepreg. Ndi zomatira pakati pa bolodi pachimake ndi core board (PCB zigawo> 4). Komanso bolodi loyambira ndi zojambula zamkuwa zakunja, zomwe zimagwiranso ntchito pakutchinjiriza. Kukonza m'munsi mkuwa zojambulazo ndi zigawo ziwiri za prepreg pasadakhale. Kupyolera mu dzenje la mayikidwe ndi m'munsi mbale yachitsulo, ndiyeno ikani yomalizidwa pachimake bolodi mu dzenje mayikidwe. Ndipo potsirizira pake zigawo ziwiri za prepreg, wosanjikiza wa zojambula zamkuwa ndi A aluminiyamu wosanjikiza wodzaza mbale zimakwirira mbale yapakati.

Ikani bolodi la PCB lomangidwa ndi chitsulo chothandizira. Ndiyeno anatumiza kwa zingalowe kutentha atolankhani kwa laminating. Kutentha kwakukulu mu makina otentha a vacuum kumatha kusungunula utomoni wa epoxy mu prepreg ndikukonza matabwa apakati ndi zojambula zamkuwa pamodzi mopanikizika. Mukamaliza lamination, chotsani chapamwamba chitsulo mbale kuti akanikiza PCB. Kenako chotsani mbale ya aluminiyamu yokhala ndi mphamvu. The aluminiyamu mbale alinso ndi udindo wodzipatula PCBs osiyana ndi kuonetsetsa kusalala kwa kunja mkuwa zojambulazo wa PCB. Mbali zonse za PCB zomwe zatulutsidwa panthawiyi, zojambulazo zosalala zamkuwa zidzaphimba PCB.

6. Kubowola

Kulumikiza 4 zigawo za sanali kukhudzana mkuwa zojambulazo mu PCB, choyamba kubowola kupyolera mabowo kutsegula PCB, ndiyeno metalize makoma dzenje kuchita magetsi. Gwiritsani ntchito makina obowola a X-ray kuti mupeze bolodi lamkati. Makinawa adzapeza okha ndikupeza dzenje pa bolodi pachimake. Kenako khomerera dzenje loyika pa PCB kuonetsetsa kuti dzenje lotsatira libowoleredwa kuchokera pakati pa dzenjelo. Ikani mbale ya aluminiyamu pamakina okhomerera, ndikuyika PCB pamenepo.

Kuti patsogolo dzuwa, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo PCB, stacking 1 kuti 3 ofanana matabwa PCB pamodzi perforation. Pomaliza, phimbani PCB yapamwamba kwambiri ndi mbale ya aluminiyamu. Gwiritsani ntchito zigawo zapamwamba ndi zapansi za mbale ya aluminiyamu kuti muteteze zojambulazo zamkuwa pa PCB kuti zisagwe pamene chobowolacho chikulowa ndi kutuluka. M'mbuyomu lamination, epoxy yosungunuka idafinyidwa mu PCB, kotero iyenera kuidula. Makina opangira mbiri amadula zozungulira zake molingana ndi ma XY olondola a PCB.

7. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a mkuwa pa khoma la dzenje

Popeza pafupifupi mapangidwe PCB ntchito perforations kulumikiza zigawo zosiyanasiyana mizere. Kulumikizana kwabwino kumafuna filimu yamkuwa ya 25-micron pakhoma la dzenje. Makulidwe a filimu yamkuwa amayenera kumaliza ndi electroplating. Koma khoma la dzenjelo limapangidwa ndi utomoni wosasintha wa epoxy ndi bolodi la fiber glass. Kotero sitepe yoyamba ndikuyika wosanjikiza wa zinthu conductive pa khoma dzenje. Ndipo pangani filimu yamkuwa ya 1 micron pamtunda wonse wa PCB poyika mankhwala, kuphatikiza khoma la dzenje. Gwiritsani ntchito makinawo kuti muwongolere njira yonse monga chithandizo chamankhwala ndi kuyeretsa.

8. Akunja PCB masanjidwe kutengerapo

Kenako, masanjidwe a PCB osanjikiza akunja amasamutsira ku zojambulazo zamkuwa. Ndondomekoyi ndi yofanana ndi ndondomeko yapitayi ya mkati mwa bolodi la PCB. Mapangidwe a PCB amasamutsira ku zojambulazo zamkuwa pojambula filimu ndi filimu yojambula zithunzi. Kusiyana kokha kudzagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu abwino monga board.The mkati PCB masanjidwe kusamutsa amagwiritsa ntchito njira subtractive, ndi ntchito filimu zoipa monga bolodi. Phimbani PCB ndi filimu yochizidwa ya zithunzi ngati yozungulira, ndikuyeretsani filimuyo yosachiritsika. Pambuyo poyatsa chojambula chamkuwa chowonekera, filimu yochiritsidwa yochiritsidwa idzateteza dera la PCB. PCB ku.

Pambuyo poyeretsa filimu yosachiritsika ya photosensitive, electroplating imachitidwa. Osati electroplate pomwe pali filimu. Ndipo pamene palibe filimu, mkuwa wokutira choyamba ndiyeno malata plating. Pambuyo pochotsa filimuyo, etching ya alkaline ikuchitika, ndipo pamapeto pake malata amachotsedwa. Njira yozungulira imakhalabe pa bolodi chifukwa imatetezedwa ndi malata. Gwirani PCB ndi zingwe, ndi electroplate mkuwa. Monga tanenera kale, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mabowowo ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira, filimu yamkuwa yomwe imayikidwa pamakoma a dzenje iyenera kukhala ndi makulidwe a 25 microns. Chifukwa chake kompyuta imangoyang'anira dongosolo lonselo kuti liwonetsetse kuti likulondola.

9. Akunja PCB etching

Kenako, mzere wathunthu wokha wokha wokha umamaliza ntchito yojambulira. Choyamba, kuyeretsa anachiritsa photosensitive filimu pa PCB. Kenaka gwiritsani ntchito alkali wamphamvu kuti muyeretse zojambulazo zamkuwa zosafunika. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito njira yovumbula malata kuti muvule plating pa PCB masanjidwe amkuwa zojambulazo. Pambuyo poyeretsa, dongosolo la PCB la 4-layer latha.Kupanga kwa PCB kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, ndipo kumaphatikizapo njira zambiri. Kuchokera ku makina osavuta opangira makina opangira makina, machitidwe odziwika bwino a mankhwala, photochemical, electrochemical, thermochemical ndi njira zina, CAM yothandizidwa ndi makompyuta. Ndi mbali zina zambiri za chidziwitso.

Kuphatikiza apo, pamakhala zovuta zambiri pakapangidwe kake ndipo amakumana ndi zovuta zina nthawi ndi nthawi. Ena mwa mavuto amatha popanda kudziwa chifukwa chake. Njira yopanga ndi mawonekedwe osapitilira msonkhano. Chifukwa chake vuto lililonse mu ulalo uliwonse limapangitsa kuti mzere wonse uimitse kupanga komanso zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwakukulu.